Ptolemaic Kings > Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
Background
Ptolemy VIII PhysconTetradrachm of Ptolemy VIII Physcon, Alexandria 138-137 BC.JPGtetradrachm of Ptolemy VIIIPharaohReignc. 169-164 BC with siblings Ptolemy VI & Cleopatra II (First Reign)c. 144-132 / 131 BC with sister-wife Cleopatra II and niece / step-daughter-wife Cleopatra III (Second Reign)c. 126-116 BC with sister-wife Cleopatra II and niece-wife Cleopatra III (Ptolemaic)Predecessorsiblings Ptolemy VI & Cleopatra II (First & Second Reign)sister-wife Cleoptra II (Third Reign)Successorsiblings Ptolemy VI and Cleoptra II (First Reign)sister-wife Cleopatra II (Second Reign)son Ptolemy IX and niece-wife Cleopatra III (Third Reign)Royal titulary [show]FatherPtolemy V EpiphanesMotherCleopatra I SyraBornc. 182 BCDiedJune 26, 116 BCPtolemy VIII Euergetes II[note 1] (Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs) (c. 182 BC – June 26, 116 BC), nicknamed Physcon (Φύσκων), was a king of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt.Contents [hide]1Origins2Antiochus' withdrawal and the joint rule3Designs on Cyprus3.1Assassination attempt4Marriage to Cleopatra II5Revenge and intrigues6Civil war7Later rule8Ancestry9In media10Notes11References12Further reading13External linksOriginsPtolemy VIII's complicated political career started in 170 BC. This is when Antiochus IV Epiphanes of the Seleucid Empire invaded and captured King Ptolemy VI Philometor and all of Egypt, with the exception of the city of Alexandria. Antiochus allowed Ptolemy VI to continue as a puppet monarch. Meanwhile, the people of Alexandria chose Ptolemy Euergetes, his younger brother, as king. Euergetes was popularly known as "Physkōn", Latinized as Physcon, meaning sausage, potbelly or bladder, due to his obesity. Instead of taking up arms against one another, the brothers decided to co-rule Egypt.Antiochus' withdrawal and the joint ruleStele (monument) attributed to Ptolemy VIII, glorifying his rule and describing his support of Egyptian gods. The stele was written in Egyptian hieroglyphs as well as Greek.After Antiochus withdrew from the area in 168 BC due to threats from Rome, Physcon agreed to jointly rule Egypt in a triumvirate with Philometor and Cleopatra II (Philometor's wife and their sister). This arrangement led to continuous intrigues, lasting until October 164 BC, when Philometor traveled to Rome to appear before the Senate, who were somewhat agreeable with the arrangement. However, areas under Physcon's sole rule were not satisfied with the arrangement, and in May 163 BC the two brothers agreed to an altering of the original partition. This left Physcon in charge of Cyrenaica.Although the arrangement lasted until Philometor's death in 145 BC, it did not end the power struggles.Designs on CyprusPhyscon convinced the Roman Senate to back his claims on Cyprus, but Philometor opposed this. Physcon's attempt to conquer the island failed (161 BC) and the Senate sent Philometor's ambassadors home.Assassination attemptIn 156 or 155 BC, Philometor tried to have Physcon assassinated but failed. Physcon went to Rome, displaying the scars he had received in the attempt. Despite opposition from Cato the Elder (an ally of Philometor), he received the Senate's support and further resources for another attempt on Cyprus. During his time in Rome he met Cornelia Africana (who had been recently widowed following the death of her husband, Tiberius Gracchus Major), and asked for her hand in marriage, which she refused.The second attempt on Cyprus also failed. Philometor captured and held Physcon prisoner, but spared him; offering him instead the hand of his daughter, Cleopatra Thea, and sent them back to Cyrenaica.Marriage to Cleopatra IIWhen Philometor died on a campaign in 145 BC, Cleopatra II quickly had her son proclaimed King Ptolemy VII. Physcon, however, returned from battle and proposed joint rule and marriage with Cleopatra II, both of which she accepted. He had the younger Ptolemy assassinated during the wedding feast and claimed the throne himself, as "Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II" (a name deliberately recalling his ancestor Ptolemy III Euergetes), and had himself proclaimed pharaoh in 144 BC.Revenge and intriguesIn 145 BC, Physcon took his revenge on the intellectuals of Alexandria who had opposed him, including Aristarchus of Samothrace and Apollodorus of Athens. He engaged in mass purges and expulsions, leaving Alexandria a changed city."He expelled all intellectuals: philologists, philosophers, professors of geometry, musicians, painters, schoolteachers, physicians and others, with the result that these brought 'education to Greeks and barbarians elsewhere,' as mentioned by an author who may have been one of the king's victims" —Menecles of Barca.Physcon seduced and married Cleopatra III (his wife's daughter) without divorcing Cleopatra II, who became infuriated. Many speculate that Physcon only married Cleopatra II because he was plotting to marry Cleopatra III when she became of marrying age. By 132 or 131 BC, the people of Alexandria had rioted and set fire to the royal palace. Physcon, Cleopatra III, and their children escaped to Cyprus; while Cleopatra II had their twelve-year-old son, Ptolemy Memphitis, acclaimed as king. Physcon was able to get hold of the boy, killed him, and sent the dismembered pieces back to Cleopatra.Civil warThe ensuing civil war pitted Cleopatra's city of Alexandria against the rest of the country, who supported Physcon. Growing desperate, Cleopatra offered the throne of Egypt to the Seleucid king Demetrius II Nicator, but his forces could get no further than Pelusium. By 127 BC, Cleopatra fled to Syria. Alexandria held out for another year. After further political maneuvering, Cleopatra II did end up back in Egypt in 124 BC. A formal amnesty decree followed in 118 BC, but it was insufficient to improve the government's relationship with the whole country. The Romans were forced to intervene in Egypt 116 BC.Later ruleAbout 124 BC, Physcon sent his second daughter by Cleopatra III, Tryphaena, to marry Antiochus VIII Philometor.Physcon died in 116 BC. He left the throne to Cleopatra III and one of her sons, whichever she preferred. She wished to have her younger son, Alexander, reign with her; but the people of Alexandria wanted her older son, Philometer Soter, the governor of Cyprus, to be her choice. She reluctantly complied, with Philometer Soter taking the name "Ptolemy IX" and ruling for a time at her side.Ancestry[show]Ancestors of Ptolemy VIII PhysconIn mediaIn the 1983 TV mini-series The Cleopatras, Ptolemy is portrayed by Richard Griffiths.NotesJump up ^ Numbering the Ptolemies is a modern invention; the Greeks distinguished them by epithet (nickname). The number given here is the present consensus, but there has been some disagreement in the nineteenth century about which of the later Ptolemies should be counted as reigning. Since older sources may give a number one higher or lower, epithets are the most reliable way of determining which Ptolemy is being referred to in any given case.ReferencesJump up ^ Note: an inscription records that Physcon had bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome if he died childless, an act not mentioned by any literary source.Jump up ^ Christian Habicht, Hellenistic Athens and her Philosophers, David Magie Lecture, Citing FGrHist; 270; F 9 Princeton University Program in the History, Archaeology, and Religions of the Ancient World, 1988, p. 9.Further readingPeter Green, Alexander to Actium (University of California Press, 1990) ISBN 0-520-05611-6Peter Nadig, Zwischen König und Karikatur: Das Bild Ptolemaios’ VIII. im Spannungsfeld der Überlieferung (C.H. Beck, 2007) ISBN 978-3-406-55949-5External linksPtolemy Euergetes II at LacusCurtius — (Chapter X of E. R Bevan's House of Ptolemy, 1923)Ptolemy VIII Physcon entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. SmithThe Will of Ptolemy VIIIFaik Ismail, Ptolemy VIII, dissertationPtolemy VIII PhysconPtolemaic DynastyBorn: 182 BC Died: 116 BCPreceded byPtolemy VI and Cleopatra IIPharaoh of Egypt169–164 BCWith: Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra IISucceeded byPtolemy VI and Cleopatra IIPreceded byPtolemy VII and Cleopatra IIPharaoh of Egypt144–132/131 BCWith: Cleopatra II and Cleopatra IIISucceeded byCleopatra IIPreceded byCleopatra IIPharaoh of Egypt126–116 BCWith: Cleopatra II and Cleopatra IIISucceeded byPtolemy IX and Cleopatra III[show] v t eHellenistic rulersPtolemaic Dynasty of Egypt
| King | Title | Meaning | Reign | Wife/Co-Ruler | Reign |
| Ptolemy I | Soter | Savior | 305-285 BCE | Berenice I | Reign |
| Ptolemy II | Philadelphus | Sister-loving | 285-246 BCE | Arsinoe I | Reign |
| Ptolemy III | Euergetes I | The Benefactor | 246-221 BCE | Berenice II | Reign |
| Ptolemy IV | Philopater | Father-loving | 221-204 BCE | Arsinoe III | Reign |
| Ptolemy V | Epiphanes | The Illustrious | 204-180 BCE | Reign | |
| Ptolemy VI | Philometor | Mother-loving | 180-145 BCE | Cleopatra I Cleopatra II & Ptolemy VIII Ptolemy Eupator | 180–176 BCE 170–163 BCE 153–150 BCE |
| Ptolemy VII | Neos Philopator | Father-loving | 145 BCE | Cleopatra II | Reign |
| Ptolemy VIII | Euergetes II | The Benefactor | 170–116 BCE | Cleopatra II | 145–131/130 BCE |
| Cleopatra II | 124–116 BCE | ||||
| Ptolemy VIII | Euergetes II | The Benefactor | 170–116 BCE | Cleopatra II | 124–116 BCE |
| Ptolemy IX | Soter II | The Savior | 116-107 BCE | Cleopatra III | 107–101 BCE |
| Ptolemy X | Alexander I | 107-88 BCE | Cleopatra III | 107–101 BCE | |
| Ptolemy IX | Soter II | The Savior | 88-80 BCE | ||
| Ptolemy XI | Alexander II | 80 BCE | Berenice III | 80 BCE | |
| Ptolemy XIII | Neos Dionysos/Auletes | New Dionysus/Flute Player | 80–51 BCE | Berenice IV | 58–55 BCE |
| Cleopatra VII | 51-30 BCE | Reign | |||
| Ptolemy XIII Physcon | Dionysos | 51-47 BCE | Reign | ||
| Ptolemy XIV | Philopator | Father-loving | 47-44 BCE | Reign | |
| Ptolemy XV | Caesarion | Little Caesar | 44-30 BCE | Reign |
