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Antigonus III Doson

Background

Antigonus III Doson was a significant figure in Hellenistic history, ruling as King of Macedon from 229 BC until his death in 221 BC. His reign is marked by efforts to stabilize and strengthen the Macedonian kingdom, as well as successful military campaigns that reasserted Macedonian influence in Greece. Here is a detailed overview of his life and reign:

Early Life and Background

Birth and Lineage: Antigonus III Doson was born around 263 BC. He was the son of Demetrius the Fair (Demetrius of Cyrene) and Olympias of Larissa. His lineage connected him to the Antigonid dynasty, which was founded by Antigonus I Monophthalmus, one of Alexander the Great's generals.
Early Career: Before becoming king, Antigonus III held various military and administrative roles, gaining experience and establishing himself as a capable leader.

Ascension to the Throne

Regency and Marriage: Antigonus III initially served as regent for his young cousin, Philip V, after the death of his cousin Demetrius II Aetolicus in 229 BC. He married Demetrius II's widow, Phthia, which helped legitimize his claim to the throne and provided a stable transition of power.
Becoming King: As regent, Antigonus III effectively took control of the kingdom and soon assumed the title of king. His reign marked a period of recovery and consolidation for Macedon, which had been weakened by previous conflicts.

Reign and Achievements

Domestic Policies: Antigonus III focused on strengthening the internal stability of Macedon. He implemented administrative reforms, improved the economy, and reorganized the military. His efforts helped to restore confidence and stability within the kingdom.
Military Campaigns: One of the most significant aspects of Antigonus III's reign was his military success.
- Battle of Sellasia (222 BC): Antigonus III's most notable military achievement was his victory at the Battle of Sellasia, where he defeated Cleomenes III of Sparta. This victory reasserted Macedonian dominance over Greece and effectively ended the Spartan threat.
- Achaean League: Antigonus III supported the Achaean League, a coalition of Greek city-states, against their enemies. His involvement strengthened ties between Macedon and the Achaeans and reinforced Macedonian influence in the region.

Legacy and Impact

Stabilization of Macedon: Antigonus III's reign is remembered for stabilizing and revitalizing the Macedonian kingdom. His administrative and military efforts laid the groundwork for the subsequent reign of Philip V.
Reassertion of Power: Through his military victories and diplomatic alliances, Antigonus III reasserted Macedonian power and influence in Greece. His successful campaigns demonstrated the resilience and strength of the Macedonian military.
Death and Succession: Antigonus III died in 221 BC, leaving the throne to his young cousin, Philip V. His death marked the end of a brief but impactful reign that had significant implications for the future of Macedon.

Conclusion

Antigonus III Doson was a pivotal figure in the Hellenistic period, known for his efforts to stabilize and strengthen the Macedonian kingdom. His administrative reforms and military successes, particularly his victory at the Battle of Sellasia, reestablished Macedonian dominance in Greece and left a lasting legacy. His reign provided a period of recovery and consolidation that set the stage for his successor, Philip V, to continue building on his achievements.

Sources

Plutarch, Life of Demetrius, 46.3, 53.4

Eusebius, Chronicle, 243

Livy xl. 54

Livy xl. 58

Dodson, Aidan & Hilton, Dyan, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt (2010), p. 279

Plutarch, Life of Aemilius Paullus 8.3

Eusebius, Chronicle 1.237-8; also Syncellus Chronicle 535.19

Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus 28.3

Plutarch, Life of Aemilius Paullus 8.3

Polybius, Histories 2.69.10

Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus 28.4

Polybius, Histories 2.70.4

Polybius, Histories 2.70.6

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